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Russia in 1917
Power
The TsarTsar Nicholas II ruled Russia as a complete autocrat. His word was law and he could override any previous legislation with a verbal command. He was, however a weak ruler and has poor organisational skills, more interested in his family than in the affairs of state. The Tsar believed that he ruled by divine mandate and feared that moves towards democracy would destroy the autocratic system and Russia itself. Nicholas II was ruthless in putting down rebellion, using the brutal Cossacks to massacre any opposition. The Tsar also held strongly anti-Semitic beliefs and sponsored attacks by right wing groups against Jews.
The Duma
Established by the Tsar in April 1906 following the 1905 rebellion, the Duma was an elected parliament of sorts. The electoral system heavily favoured the middle classes and was not representative of the peasants or working class. The Duma itself lacked the right to pass laws on its own, hold government responsible to it or be consulted on important decisions. A small number of Duma members were offered ministerial positions but in practice the assembly was a powerless token used by the Tsar to satisfy the middle classes.
The Church
The Russian Orthodox Church was a strong ally of the Tsars and maintained the belief that the Tsar’s autocracy was God’s will. The church was deeply conservative and had a great influence on the general population.
The Civil Service
The Russian civil service, responsible to the Tsar’s cabinet of ministers, was a model of inefficiency. Corruption, incompetence and nepotism were rife and the service was out of touch with the ordinary people.
Summary
The powers that governed in 1917 Russia were out of touch with the common people and dedicated to maintaining the Tsar’s autocracy. The few that could possibly represent the common people were powerless and responsible to the Tsar.