Pavlov gets way more credit than he deserves.
He went to all this work to show dogs can be conditioned to respond to stimulus BUT THAT'S PRETTY MUCH THE WAY A DOG'S BRAIN WORKS.
From what I've read, a dog doesn't have memory the way you and I do; then don't just sit there and go "remember that one time I chased a cat up a tree?" Their memory is triggered by stimulus--mostly smell, but also other senses. They'll see the tree they chased the cat up and remember the event. This sound to me a lot like the way a human brain works when suffering PTSD.
My dog has learned that her treats are in the kitchen. And if I go in the kitchen I will give her a treat. So every time I go into the kitchen, she goes in the kitchen and sits at the cupboard her treats are in. And I mean, literally, I could have given her a treat 5 minutes ago; I can SEE it laying in the hallway 8' away. Most of the time now, when she gets a treat, it will just lay around for a day or so because she doesn't even want them at this point, but if I go in the kitchen, she'll go in and sit there and want me to give her a treat.
And I didn't have to develop fancy cages and bells and stuff to create this behavior, it's just the way dog's brains work. That's the problem with using an animal as a human amalgam. You need one with a brain that works similar to a human brain.