Occupational Distribution of the Jewish Population in Various
European Countries During the 1930s
Source. World Jewish Congress Submission to the London Conference on Nazi Gold
Nazi Gold. London: HMSO, 1997, pp. 735-737
In Yugoslavia, where Jews represented 0.5% of the population, its occupational distribution in 1930 was as follows:
Agriculture Handicraft Commerce Liberal Professions White Collar Workers
3% 13% 37% 8% 25%
In Czechoslovakia, where the Jews represented 2.4% of the total population, the percentages of Jews and non-Jews engaged in gainful occupations (without agriculture), were as follows:
Transport and Communication Industry and Handicraft Commerce and Credit Public Service and Liberal Professions Rentiers and Others
Jews
Non-Jews
2.2
6.0
22.2
51.7
46.7
10.1
8.3
6.7
17.8
16.4
Among the Jews in Czechoslovakia, 56.1% were proprietors of business enterprises, independent professionals or persons of independent means, as compared with 32.5% among the non-Jewish population. Among gainfully employed Jews, 20.8% were salaried employees; among non-Jews, 7.8%. Wage earners constituted 23.1% of persons gainfully employed as against 60.1% of non-Jews.
In Hungary the Jews formed about 5.1% of the total population (1930), but constituted different ratios in various economic branches:
Trade and Credit
Industry
Liberal Professions
Independent Workers Employees Physical Workers Independent Workers Office Employees Physical Workers
45.6 47.6 29.1 11 33.4 5.6 26
The occupational distribution of the Jewish and non-Jewish population in 1930 was as follows:
Trade and Credit Public Service and Professions Industry and Handicraft Agriculture
Jews
Non-Jews
44.9
4.5
8.2
4.7
32.0
21.5
2.7
53.5
In Poland where the Jewish population came to 9.8%, the occupational structure of the Jews and non-Jews engaged in gainful occupations in 1931 was as follows:
Crafts and Industry Commerce and Credit Transport and Communication Public Service and Liberal Professions Agriculture
Jews
Non-Jews
42.2
16.9
36.6
3.5
4.5
3.5
6.2
9.3
4.4
67.5
In Romania, where the Jews represented 4.2% of the total population, the professional structure of the Jews and non-Jews engaged in gainful occupations (without agriculture) was as follows:
Industry and Handicraft Credit and Commerce Public Service and Liberal Profession Communication and Transport
Jews
Non-Jews
34.8
47.5
51.5
18.1
2.9
13.4
2.6
10.1
The occupational distribution of the Jewish population in Germany differed considerably from that of the total German population. This is evident from the following figures on the occupational distribution of the Jewish population and the total number of gainfully employed persons as of June 16, 1933.
Agriculture and Forrestry Industry and Handicrafts Commerce and Transportation Public and Private
Percentage of gainfully employed 1.7
23.1
61.3
12.5
Percentage of total gainfully employed 28.9
40.4
18.4
8.4
The social position of the Jews in the various economic branches was also different from that of the total population. Only 16.4% of the total of German gainfully employed persons were independent, but 46% among the Jews. The figures for employees (white collar workers) were 12.5% and 33.5% respectively, and for manual workers 46.3% and 8.7% respectively. The Jews were better represented in the liberal professions than the average population, e.g., while the Jews constituted 0.74% of all gainfully employed persons, their proportion in the total number of physicians, lawyers and notaries public, and dentists was 10.8%, 16.25% and 8.59% respectively.
In Austria out of 191, 481 professing Jews (1934), 176,034 lived in Vienna. Their occupational distribution was as follows:
Industry and Handicraft Commerce and Traffic Public Service and Liberal Professions
Jews
Non-Jews
23.4
48.5
54.5
25.1
20.1
11.1